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Favorite Classic Movies (Pre-1980) Favorite Classic Television I Love Lucy in the Movies

I Love Lucy in the Movies: Ladies in Retirement (1941)

Ida Lupino (center) and Elsa Lanchester (right) in “Ladies in Retirement”
Vivian Vance, Lucille Ball, and Elsa Lanchester in “I Love Lucy.”
From left to right: Ida Lupino, Desi Arnaz, Lucille Ball, and Howard Duff (hunched over) in “The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour.”
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classic film Favorite Classic Television I Love Lucy in the Movies

“I Love Lucy” 75th Anniversary & “I Love Lucy” in the Movies

—

Sheldon Leonard
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Favorite Classic Movies (Pre-1980) Favorite Modern Movies (post-1980)

Rain in the Movies

Satsuke and sister Mei take shelter from the rain at a bus stop with Totoro keeping watch in My Neighbor Totoro (1988).
Lana Turner has a meltdown in “The Bad and the Beautiful.”
  1. The Bad and the Beautiful (1952). Lana Turner’s Georgia is distraught after discovering that her boyfriend and producer, Jonathan Shields (Kirk Douglas) has been cheating on her with a starlet. She expresses her indignation over his betrayal and he more or less tells her that he can do whatever he wants. He doesn’t owe her any loyalty, because he gave her stardom. Distraught, Georgia gets into her car and takes off on a high-speed race home, through a pouring rainstorm. Anyone who thinks Lana couldn’t act should watch her performance in this scene. She enters the car sobbing, but soon collapses into pure hysteria as the reality of Jonathan’s betrayal and callousness sets in. Juxtaposed against the frenzy of rain and flashes of lights, Georgia’s emotional collapse reaches its apex when she screams and slams on the brakes.
  2. Dead Reckoning (1947). Humphrey Bogart’s character, Rip Murdock, is investigating the death of his friend, Johnny. During his investigation, he falls in love with Coral Chandler (Lizabeth Scott). Unfortunately, he learns that Coral isn’t all she seems and was involved in his friend’s death. Coral and Rip end up in a car together after she accidentally shoots her accomplice instead of him. While Rip drives through heavy rain, he and Coral argue over her intending to kill him. She then pulls out a gun and he hits the gas pedal to floor it. Anyone who has watched a lot of old movies knows that whenever it’s raining and someone is driving recklessly, something bad is going to happen. In this film, Rip ends up crashing head-on into a tree, mortally injuring Coral.
Lucy and Desi kiss and make-up in “The Long Long Trailer.”

FAVORITE ATMOSPHERIC RAIN SCENES

Gene Kelly in what is probably the most famous rain scene of all time in Singin’ in the Rain.
Dorothy Malone watches, longingly, as Bogart departs her bookstore in “The Big Sleep.”
  1. The Big Sleep (1946). It rains constantly in this film and only lends to the overall darkness and spookiness of the proceedings. The plot is also a mess, the weather might as well be too.
  2. My Neighbor Totoro (1988). In this film, sisters Satsuke and Mei discover Totoro, a forest spirit, living near their new home. The sisters are living near a local hospital where their mother is convalescing. Totoro and his fellow spirits watch over the girls and intervene when Mei goes missing.
  3. Casablanca (1942). Humphrey Bogart’s Rick stands in the rain, eagerly awaiting Ingrid Bergman’s Ilsa’s arrival, only to be handed a “Dear John” letter. As Rick’s heart breaks, the rain washes Ilsa’s words off the page. His life is over as he knows it.
  4. Red Dust (1932). Getting caught in a monsoon forces Mary Astor’s stuffy Barbara into the home of the rugged Dennis Carson (Clark Gable). Also staying with Dennis? Vantine (Jean Harlow), a prostitute who is none too happy or impressed with Barbara’s presence. Vantine has her eye on Dennis too and does not want to share. However, upon spotting a rain soaked Barbara, Dennis is overwhelmed and seduces her. The rain in this film lends an intensity, further making an already stifling film feel even more stuffy than it did before. This isn’t a cold rain. This is a hot, humid, rain.
  5. The Old Dark House (1932). A common trope in horror or mystery films, this is another movie that uses rain to force people inside. Horror often has people seeking shelter from strangers, and they’re always unusual strangers. In this movie, Phillip and Margaret Waverton (Raymond Massey and Gloria Stuart) are driving in a heavy storm with their friend, Penderel (Melvyn Douglas). They end up seeking refuge from the Femm siblings, Horace and Rebecca. The Femms are very weird. They warn their visitors about their butler Morgan (Boris Karloff), who is mute, alcoholic, and extremely dangerous. Eventually, two more people arrive at the Femms seeking shelter, Sir William Porterhouse (Charles Laughton) and Gladys DuCane (Lillian Bond). As the group stays at the home longer, they start to discover more and more unusual people and continue to be terrorized by Morgan. This is not only suspenseful, it is also very funny. “Please pass the po-tay-toes,” is my favorite line in the film.

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Blogathon Favorite Classic Television

I Love Lucy Blogathon–Top 5 Underrated Episodes of “I Love Lucy”

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Blogathon Favorite Classic Television

I Love Lucy Blogathon–“My Answers to the I Love Lucy Tag”

  1. L.A. at Last! (the burning nose episode with William Holden)
  2. Ethel’s Birthday (the infamous hostess pants episode)
  3. Lucy Wants a Paris Gown (Lucy and Ethel get faux Jacques Marcell Parisian dresses made of burlap)
  4. The Black Wig (Lucy tries out the “New Italian Haircut”)
  5. The Million Dollar Idea (Lucy and Ethel try to sell Aunt Martha’s Old Fashioned Salad Dressing)
  6. Fred and Ethel Fight (Lucy and Ricky try to get the feuding Mertzes back together and end up in a fight themselves)
  7. Tennessee Ernie Visits & Tennessee Ernie Hangs On (I love Ernie Ford, he’s hilarious)
  8. Home Movies (Lucy and the Mertzes make their own Western-themed television pilot)
  9. The Star Upstairs (CORNEL WILDE IS IN THE PENTHOUSE)
  10. In Palm Springs (Would you like a piece of Rock, Mr. Candy?)
What is this thing?
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Blogathon Favorite Classic Television

The Neighbors Blogathon–Top 5 Funniest Ricardo/Mertz Feuds

Ed and Trixie Norton. Barney and Betty Rubble. Rhoda Morgenstern. Abner and Gladys Kravitz. Classic television is full of iconic neighbors. The most iconic of all neighbors, I would argue, are Fred and Ethel Mertz (William Frawley and Vivian Vance)–the neighbors and landlords of Lucy and Ricky Ricardo (Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz) on I Love Lucy. The Ricardos and Mertzes have a unique relationship in that not only are Lucy and Ricky tenants in the Mertzes’ New York City brownstone at 623 E. 68th Street, they are also best friends. One has to wonder how the other tenants, Mrs. Trumbull, Grace Foster, Mrs. Lewis, Albert in 4B who needs to eat his lunch, the Bensons, and countless others feel about their landlords’ close relationship with one of their fellow tenants. The Ricardos, no doubt receive special treatment from their friends.

Regardless, the other tenants don’t matter because I Love Lucy is about the Ricardos and Mertzes. Like all people who have been in close 10+ year long relationships, there are bound to be some disagreements. Lucy, Ricky, Fred and Ethel are four different people, they aren’t going to get along 100% all the time. For every five episodes where everyone gets along, there will be an episode with an argument. One of the best parts of I Love Lucy is the way that the show will pair up the characters in an argument. Sometimes Lucy and Ricky will be at odds, other times it’ll be Lucy and Ethel, sometimes it could be the Mertzes versus the Ricardos, there are even episodes with Lucy, Ethel and Fred teaming up against Ricky.

In this blog entry, I would like to focus on the five funniest feuds that took place on I Love Lucy, featuring any combination of the characters.

Ethel’s hostess pants. Frankly, I think Lucy would look great in the outfit she describes. I would have loved to have seen Lucy wear them in a later episode.

#1 Ethel’s Birthday

It’s Ethel’s birthday in this episode and it’s hysterical. Through dialogue, we learn that Ethel’s age falls between the Speedy Cleaners’ 40th Birthday and Goldblatt’s Delicatessen’s 50th. Lucy and Ricky plan to gift a set of tickets to Frank Loesser’s latest show–“Over the Teacups,” the hottest show in town. For his gift, Fred enlists Lucy’s help to pick something out for Ethel. Fred claims that Ethel hinted that she wanted a toaster. Lucy is aghast, telling Fred that women don’t want something practical like a toaster. They want a “gifty gift.” Lucy ends up picking out a pair of harlequined, sequined “hostess pants.” While we only see the pants in black and white, I like to imagine that they have black, orange and yellow diamonds with a white background and gold sequins.

Ethel finds her gift in the closet and opens the hostess pants in front of Lucy. Ethel is disgusted, stating that “these (the pants) make Fred’s other gifts look great.” Lucy tries to defend the pants, but Ethel is not persuaded. When Ethel makes a crack that she’d like to see what idiot talked Fred into these pants, Lucy admits that it was her idea. Ethel is flabbergasted that Lucy could think she wanted these pants. Lucy is insulted that Ethel hated her gift. This scene culminates into Lucy calling Ethel old and fat.

Eventually, the time comes for the Ricardos and Mertzes to go to the Broadway show. Lucy and Ethel end up seated next to each other and continue their feud–much to the annoyance of everyone, but especially the man behind them. The funniest part of this scene is when Lucy asks to borrow Fred’s binoculars and he declares “I don’t care!” Ethel and Lucy continue playing tug o’ war with the binoculars until the man behind them has had enough. He grabs the binoculars, cracks them in half and gives one side to each woman. Ethel grabs both pieces and slides them under the seat, looking sheepishly at Fred, hoping he doesn’t notice. The play features some dialogue that hits close to home and brings Lucy and Ethel to tears and mends their broken friendship. The two women finish watching the play arm in arm.

LUCY: Happy Birthday, Mrs. Mertz. I hope you live another 75 years!

ETHEL: She (Lucy) said I looked like a hippopotamus.
LUCY: I merely intimated that she was a little hippy; but on second glance, she does have the biggest ‘potamus’ I’ve ever seen!

Lucille Ball as “Lucy” and Vivian Vance as “Ethel” in I Love Lucy
The Ricardos and Mertzes settle things with a pie fight.

#2 The Diner

Ricky Ricardo is sick and tired of the nightclub game. After a particularly bad evening featuring an act that was a no-call, no-show, and losing power, he dramatically declares that he’s done with show business. Looking through the classifieds, Ricky finds a for sale listing for a diner. Ricky expresses his dream to open a diner that sells Cuban-style food. He proposes the idea to Fred who is intrigued. Soon the two men go into business together and the diner, “Little Bit of Cuba,” is born. The original arrangement has Lucy and Ricky in the front of the house greeting and seating customers, Fred taking and giving orders, and Ethel cooking in the back. However, the Mertzes soon tire of doing all the hard work while Lucy and Ricky chat with the customers and talk about how easy running a diner is–or as Fred puts it, “leading a gay social whirl up front.” The Mertzes suggest to the Ricardos that they switch places. Ricky is incensed, stating that “[he] has the name” and Fred “has the know-how.” Fred doesn’t care and wants a break.

The Mertzes walk off the job leaving the Ricardos to run the diner. Ricky greets, seats and waits on the guests while Lucy is cooking. However, despite there only being four customers who arrive at different times, Lucy is unable to keep up with the rush. Eventually, the Mertzes return, wanting Ricky to buy out Fred’s share. Unable to afford to do so, the couples end up splitting the diner, with “Little Bit of Cuba” on one side and “Big Hunk of America” on the other. The funniest scene has Lucy and Ethel trying to one-up each other to win the business of the drunk at the counter. Ethel offers 1-cent hamburgers. Lucy gives the drunk $1 so he can order 100 hamburgers. Eventually this rivalry leads to an all out pie fight with every character getting a pie in the kisser. The episode ends with the original owner returning under the guise of missing the old place. He sells the place back to the Ricardos and Mertzes at a lower cost than what they paid. The owner then admits to the drunk that he makes a fortune selling and buying the same diner over and over to people who want to go into business themselves.

RICKY: Where’s your ‘know-how’ now? We’ve got no customers no how!

Desi Arnaz as “Ricky” in I Love Lucy
I don’t know why, but Lucy with her hat on her bandaged head makes me laugh.

#3 Fred and Ethel Fight

Fred and Ethel are fighting and have been fighting long enough for Fred to be living at the YMCA. Ethel is miserable and Fred seemingly is having the time of his life. Wanting her friends to get back together, Lucy invites Ethel and Fred over for dinner without the other knowing. At dinner time, Ethel and Fred are none too pleased to learn that they’ve been duped. However, not wanting to turn down a free meal, both agree to stay. They eventually work things out and are back together. However, Lucy and Ricky end up getting into an argument while trying to tell Fred and Ethel about an argument that they had and resolved. Lucy is convinced she put an end to the argument while Ricky says that he did. The evening ends up concluding with Ricky dramatically leaving. For the next few days, Ricky and Lucy are estranged and the Mertzes try to get them back together.

Lucy comes up with a scheme to make Ricky feel sorry for her. She wants to pretend like she was run over by a bus. She puts on a full body cast and bandages her head. Meanwhile, Ricky and Fred eventually come up with a scheme to make Lucy take Ricky back. With the help of a fog machine and a whistle, they make Lucy think that their apartment is on fire. Ricky is in the apartment yelling, making it sound like he’s trying to force his way into the bedroom to save her. Lucy, frantic that the apartment is on fire, and still wearing her full body cast, starts packing. The funniest scene has her wearing a hat on top of her bandaged head, carrying jugs of henna rinse out of the bathroom. Lucy fashions a rope out of bedsheets and jumps out the window–except oops, she forgot to tie the rope to something heavy. Luckily the Mertzes’ awning breaks her fall. Ricky finds Lucy outside and the two make up.

FRED: She said my mother looks like a weasel!
LUCY: Ethel, apologize!
ETHEL: I’m sorry your mother looks like a weasel.

William Frawley as “Fred,” Lucille Ball as “Lucy,” and Vivian Vance as “Ethel” in I Love Lucy.
The Ricardos and Mertzes watch the washing machine fall over the railing.

#4 Never Do Business With Friends

In this episode, Ricky surprises Lucy with a brand-new washing machine. I guess the Handy Dandy washing machine he bought her twenty episodes prior was no longer cutting it. Knowing that the Ricardos have an extra washing machine, it is suggested that the Mertzes buy it. Ricky is against the idea, stating that he does not want to damage their friendship doing business with one another. The Mertzes and Lucy think he’s being silly and assure him that it’ll be fine. However, Ricky’s fears come true when the washing machine breaks before the sale goes through. The Mertzes immediately want to renege on the deal despite having taken possession of the washing machine. This leads to an argument between the two couples.

In one of the funniest scenes of the episode, Ethel tries to push the washing machine in front of the Ricardos’ kitchen door–thereby washing the Mertzes’ hands of it. Lucy sees it and pushes it back in front of the Mertzes’ door. Lucy and Ethel are soon head-to-head trying to push the machine towards each other. Mrs. Trumbull (Elizabeth Patterson) sees them and breaks up the fight. She suggests she has her repairman nephew take a look and see if he can fix it. The next day, Mrs. Trumbull’s nephew looks over the washing machine and offers to pay more money than what the Ricardos were charging the Mertzes.

Now the Mertzes are more than happy to take the machine and the Ricardos are more than happy to take the machine back. The two couples start fighting over the washing machine and end up pushing it through the railing, three stories up. Hopefully nobody was on the sidewalk below. The washing machine presumably explodes into a million pieces–leading Lucy to say the funniest line of the entire episode:

LUCY: Look what happened to your washing machine!

Lucille Ball as “Lucy” in I Love Lucy
Lucy and Ricky try to get the Mertzes’ TV downstairs–while keeping the bow looking nice.

#5 The Courtroom

It’s the Mertzes’ 25th wedding anniversary! The Ricardos have decided that they’ll give the Mertzes the very generous gift of a brand-new television set. Lucy has the television set delivered to her and Ricky’s apartment, despite the Mertzes living one floor down. There’s a hysterical scene of Lucy and Ricky trying to carry the television set downstairs. At one point Ricky has it on his back, shimmying himself down one stair at a time, falling on the next stair with a thud. Lucy is unconcerned with Ricky’s pain and discomfort, she just wants to make sure the bow looks nice.

The Ricardos finally get the television downstairs and joyfully present it to the Mertzes. Their friends are excited, obviously and the couples try out the set. While watching television, it is decided that the picture needs adjusted. Ricky just happens to have tools on him and goes to work fixing it. He and Fred argue over adjusting the television. Ricky’s adjustments go awry however when the tube explodes, breaking the set. In retaliation, Fred runs upstairs and kicks the Ricardos’ screen in–leaving both couples with a broken television set. Negotiations for repairs of each television set fall apart, leading the Ricardos and Mertzes to sue each other.

Ricky, clearly breaking the law, makes Lucy rehearse her “spontaneous” testimony–complete with stage directions that include looking adoringly at Ricky, snarling at the Mertzes, and lifting her skirt a little higher to show some leg. Then the court day arrives and Lucy is called to the stand. Lucy’s “spontaneous” testimony paints Ricky in an angelic light, stating that he’s a “electronics specialist” and makes Fred seem insane. Lucy says “with a fiendish gleam in his eye and flecks of foam on his lips, he went straight to our television set and kicked the glass in.” She then lifts her skirt and shows some leg, which seems to excite the judge a little. Then it’s Ethel’s turn. She gives the same type of testimony, except she claims that Ricky hacked at the Mertzes’ television set with an axe, then forced everyone to go to his and Lucy’s apartment where he picked up Fred’s leg and pushed it through the glass. The funniest part of this scene is when Ethel tries to lift her skirt higher to show a little leg and Fred comes over and pulls it back down, accusing Ethel of trying to lose the case.

Eventually, the judge insists on recreating the incident. He has the bailiff bring out his television set and they recreate the incident. During the re-creation, the judge walks the Mertzes and Ricardos through their respective testimonies until both parties admit that their stories were fake and they’re equally responsible. Ricky also states that the explosion occurred because there were two loose wires on the back of the set, which he attributed to the stairs. He says he put the wires together and the set exploded. The Ricardos and Mertzes agree to pay for each other’s television sets and leave the courtroom. The judge, not convinced of Ricky’s claim that the wires caused the explosion, puts the two wires together and blows out the tube of his television set.

LUCY: Honey! Be careful of the bow!
RICKY: Be careful with the bow?!

Lucille Ball as “Lucy” and Desi Arnaz as “Ricky” in I Love Lucy
HONORABLE MENTION: Breaking the Lease. The Ricardos stage a midnight practice with Ricky’s entire band in hopes of convincing the Mertzes to kick them out. Forget about the other tenants.

Categories
Blogathon Favorite Classic Television

Betty Grable Blogathon– “Lucy Wins a Racehorse”

Horse racing was a big past time in the United States from the late-19th century until about the 1950s-1960s when it began to lose popularity; but is still popular in some areas of the country. Many classic films are centered around illegal bookmaking operations (Miss Grant Takes Richmond, 1949) or have horse racing featured as a pivotal part of the plot (The Killing, 1956). Celebrities such as Desi Arnaz, Betty Grable, Harry James, Fred Astaire, Barbara Stanwyck, Mickey Rooney, and Gregory Peck could be seen sitting in the grandstands at racetracks in Del Mar and Santa Ana. Desi and Betty were such fixtures at the Del Mar track that both have races named after them. The Desi Arnaz Stakes and Betty Grable Stakes races are still held to this day.

Lucy and Ethel walk into an unwanted visitor in the den.

Starting right after I Love Lucy’s series finale in 1957, The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour was a series of specials that Desilu produced between 1957-1960. Each of the thirteen episodes features one or more celebrity guest star. In the episode, the celebrity would get mixed up with Lucy Ricardo (Lucille Ball) in one of her outlandish schemes. The episodes used Ricky Ricardo’s (Desi Arnaz) celebrity and ownership of the Club Babalu (formerly The Tropicana) as an explanation as to how these celebrities come in contact with the Ricardos and Mertzes.

Betty’s love of horse racing and the horses themselves is how she becomes involved in one of Lucy Ricardo’s schemes in the fourth Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour special, “Lucy Wins a Racehorse.” In the episode, Betty and Harry are booked to perform at the Club Babalu. At the beginning of the episode, Lucy is begging Ricky for a horse. Stating that Little Ricky has been wishing for a horse for a long time. Being the logical part of the marriage, Ricky is against owning a horse due to the high cost involved. However, because it’s Lucy, she won’t take “no” for an answer. Lucy has already submitted dozens of entries (using the names of everyone she knows) for the “Korny Krinkles” cereal box-top contest. As an aside, I swear that I’ve seen these same boxes of cereal in multiple shows, but with different names. In another Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour, “Lucy Wants a Career,” Lucy gets a job as a Girl Friday promoting “Wakey Flakies” and the same boxes are shown with a different name. There’s also an episode of The Brady Bunch where Peter sells Sunflower Girl Cookies and the boxes look identical). But back to Lucy. The Korny Krinkles top prize is a racehorse.

RICKY: “Fred, do you see a horse on the stairs?”
FRED: “I don’t see anything.”
ETHEL: “What horse?!”
LUCY: “What stairs?”

Desi Arnaz (Ricky Ricardo), William Frawley (Fred Mertz), Vivian Vance (Ethel Mertz) & Lucille Ball (Lucy Ricardo)
Betty Grable shows off her gorgeous gams.

Lucy, rather Fred Mertz (William Frawley), wins the racehorse. Ricky is now out of the house, having left to go pick Betty Grable and Harry James up from the airport. The horse, “Whirling Jet,” has developed quite the attachment to Lucy. As she and Ethel (Vivian Vance) discuss how to break the news about the horse to Ricky, they walk into the Ricardos’ den to find Whirling Jet inside. Right at that time, they hear Ricky driving up and have to scramble to figure out how to hide the horse. Ricky walks in and hears a horse neighing from inside the den. Lucy successfully convinces him that he’s working too hard and is just hearing things. Ricky leaves to take a walk. Just as Lucy and Ethel are trying to walk Whirling Jet up the stairs, Ricky comes back. Betty and Harry enter quickly afterwards and have to wonder what they’ve gotten themselves into.

ETHEL (motioning toward her legs): “What’s the matter with these?”
FRED: “Nothing, only you’ve got them on upside down.”

Vivian Vance (Ethel Mertz) and William Frawley (Fred Mertz)

Ricky has invited Betty and Harry to his home to rehearse one of the numbers, “The Bayamo,” that they’re set to perform at Club Babalu. Fred takes a front seat to get a load of “those gorgeous Grable gams.” Ricky and Betty run through the number and Harry has his trumpet solo. While “The Bayamo” isn’t the most energetic number, it is entertaining. Since they are in rehearsal, maybe it was more exciting when being performed at the club. Incidentally, Desi Arnaz and Betty Grable dated in 1939, before he met Lucy. Desi was on Broadway, performing in “Too Many Girls.”

Harry James and Betty Grable walk into chaos in the Ricardo living room.

Almost immediately, Lucy goes to work getting horse lover Betty to help her figure out how to keep Whirling Jet. She suggests entering the horse in a race, saying that if he wins, the purse would be big enough to take care of Whirling Jet for his entire life. However, Harry points out that they would need to pay a considerable sum of money upfront just to get into the race–a race that Whirling Jet isn’t guaranteed to win. Ricky immediately sides with Harry and shoots down Betty’s suggestion. Still not taking “no” for an answer, Lucy motions Betty into the kitchen to get more details about her idea. Betty agrees to go along with it because she’s never too busy to pull one over on a couple of husbands.

LUCY: “Listen, there’s something I want to know, Ethel.”
BETTY: “Ethel?!”
LUCY: “Oh I’m sorry, I usually cook up my schemes with Ethel.”

Lucille Ball (Lucy Ricardo) and Betty Grable (as herself).

BETTY: “Oh by the way, Lucy and I have a little scheme and we need your help with it, Freddy boy.”
FRED: “Anything you say, Betsy girl.”
BETTY: “We thought we’d enter Whirling Jet in a trotting race and not tell that mean old Harry and Ricky about it.”
FRED: “No kiddin’.”
BETTY: “And since you’re the legal owner of the horse, we’re going to need your permission.”
FRED: “Well you have it, my dear.”
BETTY: “Oh you’re a real sweetheart” [Betty kisses Fred’s cheek]… oh and one more thing, Lucy and I are a little short on the amount we need to enter the horse, so could you chip in with a little old measly, $200?Hmmmm?
[Fred counts out $200 in cash]
FRED: “Are you sure that’s enough?…And remember if you need anymore, just call on ‘Fred-sie boy.’

Betty Grable (as herself) and William Frawley (Fred Mertz)
Betty charms tightwad Fred Mertz out of $200

Betty states that they’ll need to put up at least $300 to cover costs such as entry fee, food, trailer to transport the horse, and trainer. Betty puts up $100, leaving $200 as the amount needed. In a very funny scene, Betty uses Fred’s admiration of her and her legs to coax him into lending her $200. Lucy nearly faints witnessing Fred so eagerly offer Betty a good portion of the bank roll in his pocket. With the needed money in hand, Lucy brings Whirling Jet down to the Roosevelt Raceway in Long Island for training. After the trainer has been working with Whirling Jet for a few days, Lucy visits the track where she is informed by the trainer that her race horse is hopeless for winning the big race.

LUCY: “Betty, you’re just what I’ve been looking for–an Ethel Mertz with money!”

Lucille Ball as Lucy Ricardo.

The trainer then notices the change in Whirling Jet’s attentiveness and sees how he’s taken to Lucy. It is suggested that she take the reins and race him in the big race. After some training and a fake mustache (to hide from Ricky, obviously), Lucy is in the race! Eagle-eye viewers will notice that one of the jockeys is Sid Melton, best known as one of the Monroe Brothers in Green Acres (1965-1970) and as Sophia’s deceased husband, Sal, in The Golden Girls (1985-1992). One of the other jockeys in the episode plays the shocked driver whom Lucy and Desi pass on the narrow road in my favorite movie, The Long Long Trailer (1954).

This episode is ridiculous but is one of the better Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour episodes. It makes excellent use of its guest stars, showcasing both their talents for dancing and music as well as comedic talents. Betty Grable basically becomes Lucy’s Ethel Mertz in this episode as she is the one who not only comes up with the scheme, but is fully complicit in its execution.

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Blogathon Favorite Performers

Favorite Stars in ‘B’ Movies Blogathon- Lucille Ball, “Queen of the Bs”

Today Lucille Ball is widely regarded as a legend and the Queen of Comedy. Prior to her legend-making role as Lucy Ricardo in the pioneering sitcom I Love Lucy, Lucy was considered royalty in a less esteemed field–Queen of the ‘B’ movies. A ‘B’ movie does not necessarily mean that it is bad or lesser, it is just a film not given the prestige of A-list above the title type stars, the big directors, and the big budgets. During the studio era, films were often shown on a double bill. A newsreel, cartoon, and short film or serial would be shown first, followed by the B movie, and ending with the headliner, or an A film. B movies were also known as “programmers.”

Lucille Ball, Queen of the Bs

Lucille Ball toiled away for a few years in uncredited and small bit roles at RKO before she was finally given a small supporting role in the A-list production, Stage Door (1937), starring Katharine Hepburn and Ginger Rogers. This film put Ball on the map and RKO started giving her leading roles in their B-list productions. Her first starring role was as Annabel Allison in The Affairs of Annabel (1938), co-starring Jack Oakie. In the film, Oakie plays Annabel’s agent who keeps getting her involved in one zany publicity scheme after another to promote her latest acting project. ‘Affairs’ was followed up by the sequel, Annabel Takes a Tour (1938). RKO originally intended to turn the Annabel films into a serial, but the project was aborted when Jack Oakie wanted more money.

After Annabel, Lucy starred in one B film after another, Go Chase Yourself (1938). In this film, Lucy plays the wife of a man who is mistaken for a bank robber and ends up in a high-speed police pursuit. In another film, The Next Time I Marry (1938), Lucy plays a woman who is set to inherit $20 million if she marries an American. She is in love however, with a Count from another country. Lucy meets an American man and convinces him to marry her. Eventually she ends up trapped in a trailer a la The Long Long Trailer (1954). In an excellent B film, Beauty for the Asking (1939), Lucy plays an entrepreneur who ends up inventing a new face cream after being dumped by her boyfriend, Patric Knowles. Lucy also appeared in another fantastic B-movie, Five Came Back. In this film, she plays a loose woman who ends up being a passenger on a plane that crashes in the jungle. After the plane is fixed, it is revealed that only 5/9 passengers can return home.

Lucille Ball in another B movie, Look Who’s Laughing (1941)

Lucy continued to appear in B films at RKO through the early 1940s. In fact, by the early 1940s, she had appeared in so many B movies, she earned the nickname, “Queen of the Bs.” One of the most pivotal B movies that she appeared in was Too Many Girls (1940), co-starring a young 23-year old Cuban named Desi Arnaz. Lucy and Desi met on set and it was love at first sight. She would later appear in the very charming A Girl, A Guy and A Gob (1941), co-starring a young and adorable (!) Edmond O’Brien, and George Murphy who plays a character named Coffee Cup. This is a great movie and I highly recommend it. Unfortunately, despite how awesome A Girl, A Guy and A Gob is, it was not a film that was going to elevate Lucy to A-list star status.

Despite appearing in dozens of starring roles by the early 1940s, Lucy had yet to get that one part that would change her career. There was no Morning Glory (1933; Katharine Hepburn’s first Oscar-winning role), or Of Human Bondage (1934; Bette Davis’ breakthrough part), or Captain Blood (1935; Errol Flynn’s breakthrough, star-making role) in her future. Lucy had proven herself a capable comedienne. She also had demonstrated excellent dramatic skills in films such as Dance Girl Dance (1940). This woman had “it.” She was gorgeous. She was talented. She had everything that any of her contemporaries had. So why couldn’t RKO make her a real star?

Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz in Too Many Girls (1940). Lucy and Desi would marry and buy RKO in 1957.

In 1943, Lucy left RKO and moved to MGM. Despite the move, she continued to appear in one film after another that really didn’t do much for her career. The biggest impact MGM made was dying her hair its signature shade of red. Later, she worked at a variety of different studios and made a lot of great films: Lured (1947), The Dark Corner (1946), Miss Grant Takes Richmond (1949); but nothing made her a star. It would take her CBS radio show, My Favorite Husband, where she portrayed the first incarnation of Lucy Ricardo (albeit with a different name, Liz Cooper) to finally give her the break she needed. The success of My Favorite Husband led to being offered a television show. And thanks to Lucy and Desi’s tenacity, that television show ended up being I Love Lucy–which finally gave her the break she wanted and deserved.

Fast forward to 1957, Lucy and Desi, now the owners of the highly successful Desilu Studios television production company, were able to purchase the failing RKO Studios–the very studio that couldn’t make Lucille Ball into a movie star. Thanks to the new medium of television, Lucille Ball, the former “Queen of the Bs” was now “The First Lady of Television” and the “Queen of Comedy.”

Categories
Blogathon Favorite Classic Movies (Pre-1980) Favorite Classic Television

Discovering Classic Cinema Blogathon– How Nick at Nite, I Love Lucy and Lucille Ball Brought Me to Classic Film

I ‘m coming in hot with a last minute entry for Classic Film and TV Corner’s “Discovering Classic Cinema Blogathon.” I actually saw this blogathon announced awhile back and forgot to enter it. Oops. This is also my first opportunity to type something substantial using my new laptop that my husband got me for Christmas! Woohoo. My introduction to classic film didn’t come via the usual routes. I’m not old enough to have seen any of these movies in the theater during their original run. The first movie I saw in the theater was Disney’s The Little Mermaid at the age of 5 in 1989. Apparently I saw a re-release of The Aristocats in 1987 when I was 3, but according to my mom it did not go well and I did not see the whole movie. Lol. I traumatized my parents enough that it was 2 years before I went back. Having grown up in Salem, OR during the mid-to-late 80s through the early 00s, there wasn’t really any opportunity to see the classics in repertory theaters, as Salem doesn’t have any. While I did watch the annual TV viewings of The Wizard of Oz, and had secretly seen Psycho and The Birds despite my mom not wanting my sister and I to see them (my dad rented them while she was out of town), these did not ignite my love of classic cinema.

I miss 90s Nick at Nite!

One evening in 1994, 10-year old me was flipping channels and came across Nickelodeon’s evening programming, something called “Nick-at-Nite.” For the record, 90s Nick-at-Nite was one of the greatest things ever and I really wish it would come back, but I digress. Anyway, I was instantly sucked in by the colorful graphics, catchy jingles and fun animation that once graced the evening Nickelodeon block. A voiceover came on screen and announced that a show called I Love Lucy was coming up on the schedule. I honestly do not recall if I’d ever seen or heard of I Love Lucy prior to this moment, but I do know that it was not something I watched regularly. The now-familiar I Love Lucy theme song started, the hearts on satin appeared with the cast’s names: Lucille Ball, Desi Arnaz, Vivian Vance, and William Frawley. I still remember the first episode I saw, “L.A. at Last!” with William Holden guest starring. At that moment, I had no idea who the cast members were, let alone William Holden.

I was instantly transfixed by Lucy’s antics. In “L.A. at Last!,” Lucy decides that she and the Mertzes need to find the “celebrity watering hole,” where the stars all gather at the same place, thus saving Lucy time in having to track them down one-by-one. Bobby the Bellboy suggests that the group visit Hollywood’s famed Brown Derby restaurant–a well known hotspot for celebrities. As an aside, I will forever be sad that I cannot go to the Brown Derby, nor can I go to 99% of the famous Hollywood nightclubs of the 30s-50s. No Ciro’s or The Mocambo for me. Anyway, while at the Brown Derby, Lucy, Ethel and Fred are spotting celebrities left and right. We hear multiple celebrities paged to the telephone: Cary Grant, Gregory Peck, Walter Pidgeon, Ava Gardner. Lucy and the Mertzes see each and every one of them (offscreen) get up for the phone. Ethel also manages to offend Eve Arden in the neighboring booth by asking her to identify a caricature of herself as either Judy Holliday or Shelley Winters. Lucy for her part, is in awe of Ethel. “You touched her!” Lucy says, much to Ethel’s dismay at her faux pas.

The greatest day of Nick at Nite’s annual Block Party Summer.

Then, big star William Holden sits down in the booth next to Lucy and the Mertzes. Ethel is immediately starstruck and gets Lucy’s attention. Lucy catches a glimpse of Holden in the booth and is swooning. Being the creeper that she is, Lucy can’t stop staring at Holden, making him very uncomfortable in the process. Lucy’s encounter with Holden at the Brown Derby culminates with her tripping the waiter and causing him to dump a cream pie all over Holden’s head. Later, Holden meets Ricky at MGM and offers to give him a ride home to his Beverly Palms Hotel suite. When Ricky tells Lucy he’s brought a big star home with him, Lucy is overjoyed, until Ricky reveals the big star’s identity. Frantic, Lucy puts on a ridiculous disguise which includes large black cat eye glasses, a scarf to hide her hair, and a big putty nose. The scene that follows is hands down the funniest moment of the entire series (in my opinion). The look on William Holden and Desi Arnaz’ faces when Lucy turns around after “fixing” her putty nose is hysterical. How lucky was I to have this be the first episode of I Love Lucy that I ever saw?

I was hooked on I Love Lucy from then on, watching it at 8:00pm every night–except on Saturdays, I Love Lucy started at 10:00pm. On “Whole Lotta Lucy” Saturdays, Nick-at-Nite showed two episodes of I Love Lucy, followed by an episode of The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour. Every episode of The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour featured a different guest star. With the exception of Fred MacMurray, I didn’t know who any of the guest stars were. I also knew very few of the I Love Lucy guest stars, with the exception of John Wayne, Orson Welles, and Bob Hope. As a kid, I always figured that these were people who “were famous at the time.” Lol.

The look on William Holden’s face when Lucy turns around after “fixing” her nose is the funniest scene in the entire series.

Anyway, my family and I were also avid library goers, spending approximately one Sunday afternoon a month perusing the stacks. Now fully obsessed with I Love Lucy and Lucille Ball, I checked out each and every book about her in the library. I read multiple biographies about her, Desi, Vivian Vance, and anything I Love Lucy-adjacent. From these books, I learned that Lucille Ball had a fairly extensive film career and discovered that my library had a large selection of “The Lucille Ball Signature Collection” VHS movies. I watched each and every one. At the same time, my parents’ cable package had just acquired a new channel, the recently launched TCM. Every Sunday, I would find the new TV guide supplement in the newspaper and comb through it, looking to see if any Lucille Ball films or documentaries were scheduled that week. I’d always check PBS, A&E’s Biography program, TCM and AMC (when it showed old films).

From Lucille Ball’s film career, I was introduced to a myriad of different stars who quickly became favorites of mine. Through Lucy’s film, DuBarry Was a Lady, I learned about Gene Kelly. Because of my interest in Gene, I watched Singin’ in the Rain and The Pirate. ‘Rain’ introduced me to Debbie Reynolds and ‘Pirate’ introduced me to Judy Garland, who I was aware of through The Wizard of Oz, but hadn’t seen her in anything else prior. Through Judy, I learned about Fred Astaire (Easter Parade), which led me to Ginger Rogers. Rogers I’d seen before as she’d appeared with Lucy and Katharine Hepburn in Stage Door, which I’d borrowed from the library. From Stage Door, I recognized Eve Arden from the episode of I Love Lucy I’d seen. I continued on this path of constant discoveries and am still on the path somewhat, except that I’m more familiar with all the actors and know that the ones who appeared as guest stars on I Love Lucy weren’t just people who were famous at the time of I Love Lucy’s production era.

Cornel Wilde is no longer known as “Cornel Wilde is in the penthouse!” (I Love Lucy, “The Star Upstairs”). He’s a co-star in the excellent Leave Her to Heaven with Gene Tierney and he’s great in The Big Combo, his film being promoted on his episode of I Love Lucy. Charles Boyer isn’t just “LUCY! I love you, rawrrrrr” ((I Love Lucy, “Lucy Meets Charles Boyer”). He’s Ingrid Bergman’s terrifying husband in Gaslight, or the man who woos Olivia de Havilland in Hold Back the Dawn. Boyer is the man who arranges to meet Irene Dunne at the top of the Empire State Building in Love Affair. Unbelievably, I also didn’t know anything that William Holden did aside from being hilarious in I Love Lucy. I finally saw him in Sunset Boulevard and was blown away. After having seen him in so many films now, I can definitely say that Holden was a bona fide superstar.

CORNEL WILDE IS IN THE PENTHOUSE! CORNEL WILDE!

From reading all the library books about Lucille Ball and her film career, I learned that she made it a point to hire her friends from the movies when she had an opportunity to do so. The film friend of hers who benefitted the most from this is of course, William Frawley, who is now a legend in his own right for playing the irascible Fred Mertz on I Love Lucy. Having seen a good amount of classic films now, Frawley is everywhere. He plays Errol Flynn’s boxing promoter, Billy Delaney, in Gentleman Jim. He also plays a cop in Flynn’s Footsteps in the Dark, and Deanna Durbin’s Lady on a Train. He is also in the perennial Christmas classic, Miracle on 34th Street. Frawley had called up Lucy’s husband and Desilu Production president, Desi Arnaz, and asked for the job of Fred Mertz. CBS was hesitant to take a risk on the alcoholic Frawley, but Lucy and Desi prevailed and Frawley is now a television legend.

I find myself pointing out I Love Lucy characters in various classic films. Elizabeth Patterson who played Mrs. Trumbull is everywhere in classic film. She makes a memorable appearance as Fred MacMurray’s Aunt Emma in Remember the Night. Charles Lane is another character who pops up everywhere He appears as Lucy’s typing instructor in Miss Grant Takes Richmond (also co-starring William Holden). He also appears in uncredited roles in a million excellent pre-code films such as: Blonde Crazy, Employees’ Entrance, 42nd Street, Golddiggers of 1933, She Had to Say Yes, and Blondie Johnson. He made multiple appearances in I Love Lucy: the expectant father (I always say “nine girls” when I see him in a movie), the passport office clerk, the man conducting auditions in the episode where Lucy has to tell the truth for 24 hours, and he plays the Ricardos business manager, Mr. Hickox. Allen Jenkins, has a memorable role in an episode of I Love Lucy playing a police officer who apprehends “Sticky Fingers Sal” and “Pickpocket Pearl” (Lucy and Ethel). Jenkins was almost a mainstay in Warner Brothers films, playing the sidekick to the male lead. He’s in Dive Bomber, Footsteps in the Dark, The Perfect Specimen, all with Errol Flynn. He also supports Humphrey Bogart in Dead End, Racket Busters, and the horribly named The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse. I even spotted Mr. Martinelli, owner of the pizza restaurant where Lucy works for one episode, as the villain in Marked Woman with Bogart and Bette Davis!

To this day, I Love Lucy and Lucille Ball are still my favorites. I also love Classic Film and I just love how well my favorite television show and my favorite era of filmmaking are so closely intertwined.

This single photo still from Stage Door captures my intertwined love of classic film and I Love Lucy. Lucille Ball, center, is flanked by Katharine Hepburn on the left and Ginger Rogers on the right.
Categories
Blogathon Favorite Classic Movies (Pre-1980) Favorite Performers

Van Johnson Blogathon- Van’s Friendship with Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz

On May 2, 1955, Van Johnson appeared as himself in “The Dancing Star,” an episode of I Love Lucy. I Love Lucy was the pioneering and now-iconic television sitcom starring his old friends, Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz. In this episode, Lucy’s character, Lucy Ricardo, finally realizes her dream of show business success. Van Johnson is appearing in a show at the hotel where the Ricardos and Mertzes are staying while Ricky (Desi) makes his film debut. Van’s partner is sick and Lucy ends up getting the chance to fill in. In this episode, Lucy Ricardo is finally given the opportunity to perform in a musical number where she doesn’t screw it up, whether purposefully or inadvertently. For a more detailed synopsis about “The Dancing Star,” click here.

Van Johnson, front left, watches as Frances Langford rallies the co-eds at Pottawatomie College in Too Many Girls.

Van Johnson’s relationship with Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz did not start with I Love Lucy. He actually made Desi’s acquaintance first back in 1939 on Broadway. Desi had recently arrived in New York City as part of Xavier Cugat’s touring orchestra. Previously, he’d lived in Miami after emigrating there from his birthplace of Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Desi had been performing as part of the Siboney Septet. He was discovered by Cugat and hired as a singer and conga drum player. Desi’s natural charisma and talent as a showman led to him forming his own orchestra. He was discovered by director George Abbott who wanted to cast Desi as Manuelito, the Argentinian football player. Van was cast in the same play as a college student and also as an understudy for the three male leads. He later understudied Gene Kelly in the Broadway production of Pal Joey which eventually led to Kelly’s discovery and subsequent Hollywood stardom.

Desi Arnaz #24 top left and Van Johnson #41 bottom center, appeared together in the film adaptation of Too Many Girls.

In 1940, Van came out to Hollywood to appear in the film adaptation of Too Many Girls. Van’s role is very small. He has an uncredited role as a fellow college student and appears as part of the chorus in some of the musical numbers. Van is near Lucille Ball in the big celebratory conga number (led by Desi Arnaz and Ann Miller) at the end of the film when Pottawatomie wins the big game. Watch Lucy screw up the choreography, she very noticeably comes in early or late in every single one of the moves. However, Van’s role in Too Many Girls did not lead to any big breaks. Disenchanted, he was ready to return to New York and back to Broadway where he had experienced more success.

However, before Van left for New York City, he had lunch with Lucy at Los Angeles’ famed Chasen restaurant. She introduced him to MGM’s casting director who just happened to be sitting at a nearby table. This led to a series of screen tests at many of the big studios. He ended up scoring a $300/week ($5452/week in 2022) contract at Warner Brothers. Van made his debut as a leading man in 1942’s Murder in the Big House opposite Faye Emerson. Unfortunately for Van, this contract did not lead to big success at Warner Brothers and his contract was dropped after six months.

Irene Dunne, Spencer Tracy, and Van Johnson in A Guy Named Joe.

Eventually Van was signed to MGM where his friend, Lucille Ball, had recently signed with after leaving RKO. Van’s big break was in the 1943 film, A Guy Named Joe, which starred Spencer Tracy and Irene Dunne. During production, Van was in a car accident which left him with a metal plate in his forehead and numerous scars on his face. For most of his career, Van would hide his scars under heavy makeup. However, in 1954’s The Caine Mutiny, he opted to not wear the heavy makeup. His large forehead scar is prominently displayed in that film. MGM wanted to replace Van in A Guy Named Joe, but Tracy advocated for him. Thanks to Tracy, Van became a star after their film was a big success at the box office.

Van continued to appear in one hit film after another. In 1946, Van appeared with his friend Lucy in Easy to Wed, a remake of the 1936 hit, Libeled Lady. Van took on the role of Bill Chandler, which was played by William Powell in the original film. Keenan Wynn, Lucille Ball and Esther Williams take on the roles played by Spencer Tracy, Jean Harlow, and Myrna Loy, respectively. Bill Chandler is hired by Warren Haggerty (Wynn) to marry his girlfriend Gladys (Lucy) and then romance and woo Connie Allenbury (Williams), a socialite who is suing Warren’s newspaper for a large sum of money after they publish a false story about Connie being a homewrecker. To save the newspaper from financial ruin, Warren wants Gladys to charge Connie with alienation of affection after word gets about Connie’s romance with her husband, Bill. Curiously enough, perhaps in an instance of life imitating art, Keenan Wynn’s wife, Evie, married Van Johnson on THE DAY (!) of their divorce.

Van Johnson and Lucille Ball in Easy to Wed.

Easy to Wed is not nearly as good as Libeled Lady, but it is amusing. Lucille Ball is definitely the highlight and steps into Harlow’s shoes very well. Van asserts himself nicely as the straight man and is good at portraying the All-American young man. In the late 1940s and 1950s, Van continued to appear in films in every genre from war to film noir to musicals to comedy. At the time of his 1955 appearance in I Love Lucy, Van was at the height of his fame. In one of the episodes of I Love Lucy leading up to the big cross-country drive, Lucy asks her friend Marion Strong if she’d like Lucy to give a message to “the gang.” “The Gang” being Clark (Gable), Cary (Grant), or Van (Johnson), or Marlon (Brando)?” Later while the Ricardos are celebrating their wedding anniversary in Hollywood, Ricky name-drops Van and his wife Evie to a Hollywood newspaper about a (fake) party he’s throwing at the Mocambo. Van continued to appear in films and television. In 1968, he appeared in another film with Lucille Ball, Yours, Mine and Ours. Desilu had purchased the rights to the story in 1967, right before Lucy sold the studio to Paramount. Desilu had been founded in 1950 by Lucy and Desi. Desi retired in 1962 and sold his shares to Lucy.

Van Johnson, Henry Fonda, and Lucille Ball in Yours, Mine and Ours.

Van’s role in Yours, Mine and Ours is fun. He appears as Darrell Harrison, a fellow officer who works with and is friends with Frank Beardsley, played by Henry Fonda. Lucy appears as Helen North, a nurse who works in the dispensary at the base. Darrell thinks that Frank and Helen are perfect for one another, the only hitch being that Frank has 10 children and Helen has 8. To prove his point, he fixes Frank up with a young Hippie woman who is half Frank’s age and is very sexually aggressive. Frank is more modest and finds her sexual appetite off-putting. Darrell then fixes Helen up with a doctor who specializes in obstetrics and is at least half a foot shorter than she is. Darrell effortlessly brings the two characters together. For much of the rest of the film, he is used for comic relief and is delightful.

Van Johnson in Here’s Lucy in 1968.

Van continued to work with Lucy. He appeared as himself during the first season of her third sitcom, Here’s Lucy, in 1968. In the episode, Van plays himself and plays a Van Johnson doppelganger. In the episode, the Van Johnson doppelganger and Lucy (as Lucy Carter), talk about Yours, Mine and Ours. The fake Van Johnson, imitating the real Van Johnson, says that he loved working with the “kooky redhead.” Lucy Carter says that she thought that she (Lucille Ball) was much too young for Henry Fonda. Later, Lucy Carter compliments the real Van Johnson on his appearance in The Romance of Rosy Ridge, which was the film debut of Janet Leigh. Eventually, Lucy remarks that she was glad Van was court-martialed in The Caine Mutiny after he refuses to go along with her schemes.

Van and Lucy continued to appear in various specials together and remained friends. After Ball’s passing in 1989, Van continued to give interviews and appear in various documentaries and retrospectives about Lucy and Desi. He was one of the interviewees in PBS’ American Masters episode about Lucille Ball, “Finding Lucy.” It is apparent that Lucy, Desi, and Van all held each other in great esteem. It is obvious through their professional and personal collaborations and the way in which Van continued to talk about his friends long after their respective passings. Van Johnson passed away in 2008 and it is nice to think that he is now back with his friends.

“They (Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz) were soulmates. They knew it. The whole world did.”

“I am the luckiest guy in the world. All my dreams came true. I was in a wonderful business and I met a lot of great people all over the world.”